6 Fermentation and EnzymeTechnologies in Food Processing
نویسندگان
چکیده
Fermentation is a microbial biotechnology whereby natural renewable substrates are converted to value-added products such as enzymes, organic acids, alcohols, polymers, and more. Fermentation end-products such as ethanol and lactic acid are proton sinks, whereby NADH is recycled to NAD, which allows the cell to continue producing energy via glycolysis by substrate-level phosphorylation. Thus, microorganisms generate many endor by-products to maintain energy balance. Today, enhanced production of economically important fermentation products has benefited from targeted genetic engineering techniques to established industrial microbial strains (Campbell-Platt, 1994). The formation of endor by-products is dependent on microbial strain and the environmental conditions employed. For an optimum fermentation process, a microbial strain should be selected and developed based on the desired product. Strain development technologies include mutation and recombinant DNA technology. Growth of microorganisms and product formation are also affected by temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and fermentation medium composition. Therefore, the fermentation media and growth conditions need to be optimized. Moreover, the metabolic pathways should be determined. Knowledge of biochemical changes in fermented foods can help producers to manipulate the production by changing strains and/or conditions. In addition to growth conditions, types of strains, and media, fermentation modes affect the productivity. Batch, fed-batch, and continuous fermentation modes can be selected for high productivity. Fed-batch and continuous modes can overcome the substrate limitation during fermentation processes. Higher productivity can also be achieved by cell immobilization, which results in increases in the biomass concentration in the bioreactor, and thus an increased concentration of biocatalysts in the reactor. After the fermentation process, recovery methods of the product from the fermentation medium need to be evaluated and optimized, and are often an economic limitation factor. Indeed, purification of the end-product is often a high-cost step of the process. The microbial end-products can be biomass itself, extracellular products, or intracellular products. Filtration, homogenization, and extraction (liquid and solid) are examples of recovery methods. Enzymes are products of living organisms and have been used in the industry for many years due to their catalytic activities. Enzyme activity depends on temperature, substrate, pH, inhibitors, etc. and should be optimized for each process. Since enzyme recovery is difficult, the application of enzyme immobilization may reduce process cost. Enzymes can be isolated from plants and mammalian tissues, or can be produced by microorganisms. However, microbial enzymes are preferred due to availability and specificity. Enzymes are used in the production of over 500 commercial products (Johannes & Zhao, 2006). They have a broad range of applications from food to detergents. Most enzymes are commercially available and used to enhance the product quality in food, detergents, leather, paper, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Commercial enzymes include lipase, amylases, proteases, pectic enzymes, and milk clotting enzymes (rennet). In this
منابع مشابه
Thermal processing determination time for fermented and acidified indigenes Iranian vegetables
Vegetables may be preserved by fermentation, direct acidification, or a combination of these, along with pasteurization, to yield products with an extended shelf life and enhanced safety. Effect of lowering the pH, either by adding acid or lactic fermentation, on thermal process requirements for canned vegetables was investigated. Malic acid was preferred for acidification of canned vegetables...
متن کاملThermal Processing Determination Time for Fermented and Acidified Indigenes Iranian Vegetables
Vegetables may be preserved by fermentation, direct acidification, or a combination of these, along with pasteurization, to yield products with an extended shelf life and enhanced safety. Effect of lowering the pH, either by adding acid or lactic fermentation, on thermal process requirements for canned vegetables was investigated. Malic acid was preferred for acidification of canned vegetables...
متن کاملOptimizing Sourdough Processing for the Production of ɣ-nonalactone (Fruity Aroma) by Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Method
Background and Objectives: Sourdough processing is a well-known method to improve food flavor. One of the most important lactic acid bacteria isolated from sourdoughs is Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis. Because of the bacterial ability for acidification and liberation of the volatile compound precursors, it can strongly affect dough rheology and aromatic properties. In this study, the best condi...
متن کاملCombined Effects of Inoculation Level and Sequence on Biochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Probiotic Doogh
The combined effects of inoculation level (4 or 8-fold compared to standard inoculation) and sequence (standard inoculation before fermentation and 3-fold inoculation at the end of fermentation=1+3, Two-fold inoculation before fermentation and the same at the end of fermentation=2+2, 2+6, 4-fold before fermentation=4, 4+4, and 8) of culture inoculum containing probiotics on biochemical and micr...
متن کاملThe Impact of Inoculation Rate and Order on Physicochemical, Microstructural and Sensory Attributes of Probiotic Doogh
Effects of inoculation level (4 or 8-fold compared to standard inoculation) and order (standard inoculation before fermentation and 3-fold inoculation at the end of fermentation = 1+3, Two-fold inoculation before fermentation and the same at the end of fermentation = 2+2, 2+6, 4-fold before fermentation = 4, 4+4, and 8) of culture inoculums containing probiotics on viscosity, phase separation,...
متن کامل